The History of Internet

1. What is DARPA?

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United State Departement of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous grapichal user interface.

2.What is the mean of ARPANET

          The precursor to the interner,ARPANET was a large wide-area network created by the United State Defense Advanced Reserch Project Agency(ARPA ).Established in 1969,ARPANET served as a testbed for new networking technologies, linking many universities and research centers. The first two nodes that formed the ARPANET were UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute, followed shortly thereafter by the University of Utah.

3.The Mean and the Function of MILNET

MILNET is the technique which had been taken into account with the help of the ARPANET service which was being used by the people over the internet. This is the new form of the service that is being used by the people and thus this is the technique that is mostly being used by the people who are in military. The United States military is the one which is making use of MILNET as through this they are provided with each and every kind of information. This had been used by them from a longer time period and it could be seen that in 1983, the split off between ARPANET and MILNET took place and from then it had been used on independent basis. This is mainly being used as an academic service which performs the research functions and at times the research functions are also performed over the internet in the presence of different communicates too.
MILNET is mainly performed at that time when the interconnection of the service between the computers along with the gateways developed for these computers are taken into account.  For its usage it had been ensured that the top level domain is being used. This is found to be used by the military agencies which are possessed in United States. On the other hand MILNET had also been described to be used in different forms as well. in it is described to be used as a website which is an open source for the military people and in fact this is the name which had been give to the website that is running as an independent website form. The website tends to contain the information about the military people and as a result the information database had been developed which is open to all the people.
The search function overall can be improved, in fact there are features built in to the software to raise it's accuracy. The problem is that requires us to build (and maintain) an index of all searchable terms, and that takes a lot of horsepower. We used to have an index, but it simply grew too large, causing the odd site problem.

4. What is NSFNET

NSFNET was a network for research computing deployed in the mid-1980s that in time also became the first backbone infrastructure for the commercial public internet. Created as a result of a 1985 National Science Foundation (NSF) initiative, NSFNET established a high-speed connection among the five NSF supercomputer center and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and provided external access for scientists, researchers, and engineers who were not located near the computing centers.

access was necessary for a widely dispersed and frequently changing community of users. NSFNET became part of a hierarchical series of networks. Meanwhile, NSF supported the development of regional networks that could carry traffic from individual organizations, such as government agencies and universities, to the national backbone service. NSF commissioned Merit Network, MCI, IBM, and the State of Michigan to manage the NSFNET backbone project.

It was during this critical time that Al Gore entered the picture. Gore was roundly mocked in the press after he claimed that he "took the initiative in creating the Internet" during a 1999 broadcast interview. In fact, during the late 1980s, Gore did give political support to a funding drive aimed at expanding NSFNET. Although Gore's "creation" claim was -- to put it mildly -- an exaggeration, the subsequent expansion helped spur the development of the modern-day Internet.
By the early 1990s, as commercial networks began to build their own backbone infrastructures and their own routing mechanisms, the public service furnished by NSFNET's backbone was turned over to the newer backbones and NSFNET was shut down. The scientific and research network continued vBNS and more recently, internet2.

5. What is the DEFINITION of LAN , MAN , WAN

1.LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK):

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and other devices in a relatively small area, typically a single building or a group of buildings.Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers and enable users to access data and devices (e.g., printers and modems) anywhere on the network. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.LANs can be characterized by their topology, protocols and media. Topology is the geometric arrangement of devices on the network. For example, devices can be arranged in a ring or in a straight line. Protocols are the rules and encoding specifications for sending data. They also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture. The most common type of LAN is Ethernet. Media is what is used to connect the devices, i.e., twisted-pair copper wire, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables or radio waves.LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line because of their short distances and the fact that they do not have to rely on copper wire media (with its limited capacity). However, the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.Computers on a smaller LAN typically share the resources of a single server, which provides application programs and data storage . Users who need an application can download it once and then run it from their local hard disk drive (HDD). They can order printing and other services as needed through applications that run on the LAN server.A local area network may serve as few as one or two users (for example, in a home network) or as many as thousands of users (for example, in a large company).LANs can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN).

2.MAN OR METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK:

A Metropolitan Area Network, or MAN, is a series of LANs (Local Area Networks) that are interconnected through various means in a Metropolitan area such as a city and its subburbs.If a company has a few offices in the same city, and the computer users at each location are able to share data between the two offices, they are generally doing this over a MAN.

3.WAN OR WIDE AREA NETWORK:

Definition: A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranet, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines.
WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.